Bhakti Movement in medieval India
Sankara:
· He started a Hindu revivalist movement giving a new orientation to Hinduism.
· He was born in Kaladi in Kerala.
· His doctrine know as ‘Advita’ or monism
Ramanuja:
· Born at Sriperumbudur near Chennai
· His doctrine known as “Visishtadvaita”
· He advocated Prabattimarga or path of self surrender to god.
Madhava:
· Kannada region.
· Propagated Dvaita or dualism of Jivatma and paramatma.
Surdas:
· disciple of vallabhacharya, popularised kishna cult in north India.
Mirabai:
· rajasthan, devotee of Krishna
Tulsidas:
· Worshipper of rama.
· Composed the famous ramacharitmanas.
· hindi version of Ramayana.
Ramananda:
· Born at duahabad.
· Originally follower of Ramanuja, but later he founded his own sect.
· He used vernacular medium to propagate his ideas.
Disciples were;
· kabir - Muslim weaver- (most famous)
· Raidasa – a cobbler * narabarai – goldsmith
· sena - barber * pipa - rajput prince
· sadhana – butcher
· dhanna – jat farmer
Guru nanak:
· Founder sikh religion
· disciple of kabir
chaitanya:
· Bengal region
Gnanadeva:
· Founder bhakti movement in Maharashtra
Tukaram:
· Contemporary of sivaji
Basara;
· Founder of virasaivism
· his followers known as virasaivas or “lingayatas”
The suti movement :
· originated in Persia
· the sutis belonged to 12 orders called as silsilas.
1. khwaja muin – ud-din-chisti:
· Stayed in Ajmer
· He was popularly known as” Gharib Nawaz” or “protector of the poor”
· He died in 1235 and buried in Ajmer.
· The Hindu customs of breaking coconuts and lighting of lamp was followed here.
Baba farid:
· Disciple of khwaja muin-din chisti.
Nizam-ud-din auliya:
· settled in delhi
· known as mehboob –i- Illahi (Beloved of God)
· The kandhuri urs festival celebrated at nagor.
Rajputs
There were nearly 36 rajput clans
1. The partiharas: kanauj caprital
· Nagabhatta – I. Founder.
· mihirabhoja, important king.
The palas
· Ruled in Bengal region
· Gopala the founder.
· Dharmapala, founded tue famous vikramasila university
Mughals – cultural
Gardens:
1. Nishat bagh -- Kashmir
2. Shalimar bagh -- lahore
3. Pinjore -- punjab
· Dara shikoh, son of shahjahan translated the bhagavat gita and upanisgad into Persian.
· Sher shah, constructed his mausoleom at sasaram in Bihar.
· Purana quila near delhi by shershah.
Akbar
· Agra fort
· Fatepur buland darwaza (Gateway) sikri (city of victory), near Agra.
shah jahan
· Red fort at Delhi
· Humayun’s tomb was build at Delhi, it may considered as precursor of the Taj Mahal.
· Akbar’s tomb at Sikandara near Agra was completed by Jahangir.
· Nurjahan built the tomb of Itimaddaulah at Agra . How the type of decoration called pietra dura, first used.
· But in Taj Mahal, the technique of pietradura used in large scale.
Paintings:
· The foundation for the Mughal painting was laid by Humayun. He brought Mir Sayyid Ali and Abdul Samad to India from Persia.
· Under Jahangir, Mughal painting reached its maturity – maximum contribution.
Music:
· Akbar patronized Tansen of Gwalior.
Literature:
· Ain – i - Akbari Akbar Nama – Abul Fazl, about Akbar
· Abul Faizi, translated the Mahabharata into Persian language
· Abdul Hamid Lahort – Padshahnama – about Shah Jahan.
