TEST ANNOUNCEMENT

DEAR TNPSC ,
C.I.T 6,BATCH AND REGULAR BATCH STUDENTS
YOU HAVE SCIENCE TEST BASED ON 6TH STD SAMACHEER...........(GET READY FOR THIS SUNDAY) IT WILL BE COMPLETELY ONE WORD NO OPTIONS WILL BE GIVEN......
REGARDS
RDS

TIMETABLE FOR THE WEEK -31/8/13 &1/9/13

TIME TABLE FOR TNPSC BATCHES-AT C.I.T NAGAR

C.I.T -6TH (BOTH WEEKEND AND REGULAR)

SATURDAY - 2.30-5.30- BIOLOGY (KANNAN)(B

                         5.30-6.30: ECONOMICS

SUNDAY- 10-12:ECONOMICS

                   12.40-2.40 : MEDIVEL HISTORY

                     2.30-4.30: INDIAN GEOGRAPHY

C.I.T -22

SATURDAY - 2.30-5.30- BIOLOGY (KANNAN)

                         5.30-6.30: ECONOMICS

SUNDAY- 10-12:ECONOMICS

                   12.40-2.40 : MEDIEVAL HISTORY

                     2.30-4.30: INDIAN GEOGRAPHY

T.NAGAR-6 

SATURDAY -2.30-4.30 :SCIENCE

                        4.30-6.30 :ECONOMICS

SUNDAY - 10-12:TAMIL

                    12.40-2.40 :ANCIENT INDIA

T.NAGAR-22

SATURDAY -2.30-4.30 :SCIENCE

                        4.30-6.30 :TAMIL

SUNDAY - 10-12: BIOLOGY

                    12.40-2.40 :GEOGRAPHY

  BOG-4

SATURDAY - 2.30-4.30 : PHYSICAL GEO

                        4.30-6.30 : POLITY

SUNDAY -     10-12: SCIENCE

                        12.40-2.40: REASONING

                        2.40-4.40: HISTORY

keys

dear tnpsc students
Tnpsc group 4 keys which is available in tnpsc.gov.in is more reliable ..........you can check the answers with it.
regards
rds

UPSC MESSAGE

RDS IAS STUDY CIRCLE starts-UPSC(IAS) classes, by delhi based facultys & best materials success assured. Admission is going on Cont: 9884372100; 9445680297

Dear Students,

RDS has declared holiday for both Saturday and Sunday for all the batchs. All the Very best for TNPSC Group4 exam. God and RDS will always be with you.

Regards

RDS  

ROLE OF POVERTY

Poverty and unemployment

• Poverty line is defined on the basis of nutritional standards. The list calorie intake is fixed at 2400 Cal/person/day for rural area and 2100 Cal/person/day for urban area. The people below these nutritional is an income standards are considered to be below the poverty line(BPL).
• Presently 24.4% population in India is below poverty line. It is 24.36% in ruler India and 24.50% in urban areas. National Sample survey Organisation(NSSO) conducts this survey.
• Unemployment simply means a situation when able and willing people are not getting jobs as per their own capabilities

Green Revolution

• Indian Green Revolution is associated with the use of HYVS(highly yielding variety seeds), chemical fertilisers and new technology which led to a sharp rise in agriculture production during the middle of 1960.
• The term "Green Revolution" was given by American scientists, Dr William Gande.
• During the middle of 60s, Indian agriculture scientist developed a number of new highly yielding varieties of wheat by processing wheat seeds imported from Mexico. A similar improvement in variety of rice was also observed.
• The credit of this goes not only to Nobel Laureate Dr. Norman Borlaug, but also to Dr MS Swaminathan

Revolution	Area
Yellow revolution	oil seeds
White revolution	milk
Blue Revolution	Fish
Pink revolution	Shrimp/Meat
Brown Revolution	nonconventional energy resources
Grey revolution	wool
Golden Revolution	horticulture

some basic economics for TNPSC GROUP4

Population Policy

India was the first developing country to adopt a population policy

and to launch a nationwide family planning programme in 1952. The main

objective of the population policy is to ensure that there is reasonable gap

between the fall of death and birth rates. Population policy refers to the

efforts made by any Government to control and change the population

structure.

National Population Policy 2000

The National Population Policy (NPP) 2000 has the immediate

objective of addressing the unmet needs of contraception, health

infrastructure, health personnel and integrating service delivery for basic

reproductive and child health care.

It also lays emphasis on the medium term objective of bringing total

fertility rates to replacement level by 2010. A Total Fertility Rate of 2.1 is

known as replacement level fertility.

The policy’s long term objective is to stabilise population by 2045.

A National Commission on population presided over by the Prime

Minister, Chief Ministers of all States and other dignitaries as the members

has been constituted to oversee and review the policy (NPP-2000)

implementation.

Similar to the National Commission, State Level Commissions presided

over by the respective State Chief Ministers have also been set up with the

same objective of ensuring implementation of the policies.

Programmes to eliminate poverty

1. Land Reforms

Land reforms legislation has been passed by the state governments,

which aim at improving the economic conditions of agricultural landless

labourers. For instance, with the abolition of the Zamindari system, the

exploitation associated with the system has been removed. Tenancy Laws

have been passed in most of the states for protecting the interests of the

tenants and helping them to acquire possession over the lands they cultivate.

Every state has passed the necessary legislation fixing ceiling on agricultural

holdings by which the maximum amount of land which a person can hold has

been fixed by law. The surplus lands thus acquired were to be distributed to

the landless labourers and small peasants.

2. Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY)

It was introduced in April 1999 as a successor to Jawahar Rozgar Yojana

on a cost sharing basis of 75 : 25 between the Union and States.

3. National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)

It was launched on August 15, 1995 to provide social assistance benefits

to poor households affected by old age, death of primary bread winner or

need for maternity care.

4. Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS)

It was started on October 2, 1993 in 1778 backward blocks in drought

prone, desert, tribal and hill areas. It was expanded to cover all the 5,488

rural blocks of the country. It gave wage employment to the rural poor. In

September 2001, it was merged into new Sampoorna Gramin Rozgar Yojana

along with Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana.

5. Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY)

It was introduced in the Budget for 2000-2001 with an allocation of Rs.

5,000 crore. Its focus is on health, primary education, drinking water, housing

and rural roads.

Common Property Rights in grazing lands, wastelands, forests and

water resources were made available to the rural people in the past. They

have been cancelled in the recent past due to commercialisation and

privatisation of these rural community resources in the country.

6. Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY)

Urban self-employment and urban wage-employment are the two

special schemes under it. It substituted in December 1997 various

programmes operated earlier for urban poverty alleviation. It is funded on

75: 25 basis between the Union and the States. The expenditure under this

scheme was only Rs. 45.5 crore at the revised stage. It was Rs. 39.21 crore

in 2001-02 and an allocation of Rs. 105 crore was provided for 2002-03

(Economic Survey, 2002-03, p.217).

7. Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)

The concept of an Integrated Rural Development Programme was

first proposed in the central budget for 1976-77, and a beginning was made

in this regard. This programme was intended to assist rural population to

derive economic benefits from the development of assets of each area.

The programme with some modifications was introduced on an

expanded scale in 1978-79, beginning with 2,300 blocks, of which 2000

were under common coverage with SFDA, DPAP and CADP, with another

300 blocks added up during 1979-80. Its coverage was extended to all the

blocks of the country since October 2, 1980.

Besides the smaller and marginal farmers, this programme was more

specific in regard to agricultural workers and landless labourers, and

additionally brought within its purview rural artisans also. The programme

emphasised the family rather than the individual approach in the identification

of the beneficiaries.

National income: National income is a measure of the total value of the goods and services

(output) produced by an economy over a period of time (normally a year). It

is also a measure of the income flown from production, and/or the sum total

of all the spending involved for the production of output.

Gross National Product

Gross National Product (GNP) is the total value of output (goods and

services) produced and income received in a year by domestic residents of

a country. It includes profits earned from capital invested abroad.

Gros s Domestic Product

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total value of output (goods

and services) produced by the factors of production located within the

country’s boundary in a year. The factors of production may be owned by

any one – citizens or foreigners.

GNP – Net income earned from abroad = GDP

Thus, GDP measures income from where it is earned rather than who

owns the factors of production.

Net National Product

Net National Product (NNP) is arrived at by making some

adjustment, with regard to depreciation, in GNP. As noted above, GNP is

the total value of output produced and income received in a year by domestic

residents of a country. Over this one year period, the available plant and

machinery (capital) will wear and tear and get condemned. Such decline in

the capital assets due to wear and tear is measured as ‘capital depreciation’.

NNP is arrived at by deducting value of such depreciation from GNP.

That is GNP – Depreciation = NNP

Net Domestic Product

Net domestic product (NDP) is also arrived from GDP by making

adjustment with regard to depreciation in the same way described above.

(NDP is calculated by deducting depreciation from GDP).

GDP – Depreciation = NDP

Per Capita Income

Per capita income (or) output per person is an indicator to show

the living standards of people in a country. If real PCI increases, it is

considered to be an improvement in the overall living standard of people.

PCI is arrived at by dividing the GDP by the size of population. It is also

arrived by making some adjustment with GDP.

GDP and GNP

While GDP indicates productive capacity of an economy, GNP is a

crude indicator for living standard. The significance of the distinction between

GNP and GDP depends on the nature of a particular economy. For instance,

if a country has more non-resident inflows and produces a considerable

portion of its output by multinational corporations (i.e. with the help of external

factors of production), its GNP will be higher than GDP. Otherwise the

distinction will be negligible.

Many countries have foreign firms. In the case of US Ford Motors in

Chennai, the income from the car factory would be counted as Indian GDP

and not as US GDP. But the amount of profit the company sends to US will

be added to their GNP. Similarly, our GNP can be arrived by adding to our

GDP the net factor income receipts from abroad for the factor inputs owned

by Indians. That is, the non-resident Indians income will be added to GDP

to arrive at our GNP.

INDIAN RAILWAY FACTS

Following are the some of the important Indian Railway Facts

• The total distance covered by the 14,300 trains on the Indian Railways everyday, equals three & half times the distance to moon
• The first train on Indian soil ran between Bombay and Thane on the 16th of April 1853
• IR has about 63,028 route kms. of track
• IR employs about 1.55 million people
• It carries over 13 million passengers & 1.3 million tones of freight everyday
• It runs about 14,300 trains daily
• IR has about 7,000 railway stations
• The longest platform in the world is at Kharagpur and is 2,733 ft. in length
• Nehru Setu on Sone River is the longest Railway bridge
• 42 Railway companies operated in the country before independence
• Electric Locomotives are manufactured at Chittaranjan Locomotive Works, Chittaranjan
• Coaches are manufactured at ICF/Chennai, RCF/Kapurthala and BEML/Bangaluru
• The national Rail Museum at New Delhi was set-up in 1977
• People Employed in Indian Railway are about 1.6 million
• Stations across State Lines are Navapur (Maharashtra and Gujarat) and Bhawani Mandi (Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan)
• Classes of travel on Indian Railway: Ist AC, 2nd AC, 3rd AC, AC Chair Car IInd sleeper & IInd ordinary
• Railway Station with all the Three Gauges is Siliguri Railway Station

First/Longest/Oldest in Indian Railways

First Passenger Train Ran On	16th April 1853 (between Bombay to Thane)
First Railway Bridge	Dapoorie Viaduct on the Mumbai-Thane route
First Rail Tunnel	Parsik Tunnel
First Ghats Covered by the Rail lines	Thal and Bhore Ghats
First Underground Railway	Calcutta METRO
First Computerized Reservation System started in	New Delhi (1986)
First Electric Train ran on	3rd Feb' 1925 (between Bombay VT and Kurla)
Toilets on Trains were introduced in	1891 (1st Class) & 1907 (lower classes)
Shortest Station Name	Ib (Orissa)
Longest Station Name	Sri Venkatanarasimharajuvariapeta (Tamil Nadu)
Busiest Railway Station	Lucknow (64 trains everyday)
Longest Run (Time)	Vivek Express (3715 km in Approx 71 hrs)
Shortest Run	Route between Nagpur to Ajni (3km)
Longest Run for Daily Train	Kerala Express (3054 km in 42.5 hrs)
Longest Non-Stop Run (Distance)	Trivandrum Rajdhani (528 km in 6.5 hrs)
Longest Railway Platform in the World	Kharagpur (2,733 ft in length)
Longest Railway Bridge	Nehru Setu on Sone River (10044ft in length)
Longest Tunnel	Karbude On Konkan Railway between Monkey hill & Khandala (6.5 km)
Oldest Preserved Locomotive	Fairy Queen (1855), still in working order
Indian Railway's Fastest Train	Bhopal-Shatabdi (runs at a speed up to 140 Km/ph)
Train with Maximum Number of Halts	Howrah-Amritsar Express (115 halts)

INDUS VALLEY

Indus Valley Facts at a Glance

The state which has accounted for highest number of Harappan sites after independence : Gujarat Three Harappan sites that have yielded three stages of Harappan Civilization (Pre-Harappan, Harappan and post-Harappan : Rojde, Desalpur and Surkotada ) Most commonly engraved animal on Harappan seals : Humpless bull or unicorn Site which have yielded evidence of a pre-Harappan settlement: Kot-Diji, Kalibangan and Harappa Major Harappan cities that acted as ports : Lothal, Balakot, Suktagendor and Allahdin (Pakistan) The Harappan city with most impressive drainage system : Mohenjo-daro The geometric shape of the region covered by the Indus civilisation : Triangle Wheeler said: Indus Valley is the colony of Sumerians Lions have not been found anywhere in Harappa. Mother goddess was not worshipped at Rangpur. A Kushana period Stupa has been found from Mohenjo-daro

Evidence of cultivation of peas. Till has been traced from Harappa, paddy from Lothal Harappans had trade relations with Mesopotamians around 2300 BC. Largest Harappan site in India is situated in Haryana Rakhigarhi, second largest is Dholavira in Gujarat. Dimension of Brick-length 11 inches, width -5.5 inches, depth -2.75 inches, ratio 4 2:1 Harappan wheels were axeless Mohenjo-daro had 10.5 mt wide road. In Harappa, perhaps because of river Ravi the Granery is outside the fort. In the Lothal Port, there was a dockyard which is 216 meters in length and 37 meters in breadth Sukotada is the only Indus site where remains of a horse have actually been found. Terracoota seals found at Mehargarh were the earliest precussors of Harappan seals. Wider road of Harappa was 30 foot. Most common materials used for the Harappan stone sculpture : Limestone and steatite Time span of the Harappan civilization as fixed on the basis of radio-carbon dating: 2300 BC - 1750 BC.

TIME TABLE 15TH AUG

TIME TABLE FOR 15TH AUG
C.I.T -6THR
10-12: REASONING
12.30-2.30: APPTITUDE

C.I.T -22
10-12: REASONING
12.30-2.30: APPTITUDE

2.30-4.30: SCIENCE

T.NAGAR-6 
10-12: APPTITUDE
12.30-2.30: SCIENCE

T.NAGAR-22
10-12: POLITY
12.30-2.30: APPTITUDE

2.30-4.30: HISTORY

  BOG-4
10-12: GEOGRAPHY
12.30-2.30: APPTITUDE

VICE PRESIDENT

Following is the information about Vice President of India

Election	Elected by both the houses (Electoral College) in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of single transferable vote and the vote being secret. Nominated members also participate in his election The Supreme court has the final and exclusive jurisdiction for resolving disputes and doubts relating to the election of the Vice President of India
Criteria	Citizen of India More that 35 years of Age Posses the qualification of membership of Rajya Sabha Not hold any office of profit under union, state of local authority. However, for this purpose, the President, Vice-President, Governor of a State and a Minister of the Union or a State, are not held to be holding an office of profit
Other Points	Holds office for 5 years. Can be re-elected Term can be cut short if he resigns or by a resolution of the Rajya Sabha passed by a majority of all the then members of the Rajya Sabha and agreed to by the Lok Sabha He is the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha. Since he is not a member of Rajya Sabha, he has no right to vote Being the Vice-President of India, he is not entitled for any salary, but he is entitled to the salary and allowances payable to the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha All bills, resolution, motion can be taken in Rajya Sabha after his consent Can discharge the function of the President, the Vice-President shall not perform the duties of the office of the Chairman of Rajya Sabha and shall not be entitled to receive the salary of the Chairman. During this period, he is entitled for the salary and privileges of the President of India Present salary is Rs. 85,000/month

TNPSC NOTES-PRESIDENT

PRESIDENT

President of India is the head of the Union Executive. A Council of Ministers headed by Prime Minister aids and advises the President in the excersie of his function.
President of India is also Supreme Commander of the Defence Forces.

Qualification	Must be a citizen of India Completed 35 years of age Eligible to be a member of Lok Sabha Must not hold any government post. Exceptions are: President and Vice-President Governor of any state Minister of Union State
Election	Indirectly elected through ‘Electoral College’ consisting of Elected members of both the Houses of Parliament & Elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States. (No nominated members) Security deposit of Rs 15,000/- Supreme court inquires all disputes regarding President’s Election. Takes OATH in presence of Chief Justice of India, or in his absence, senior-most Judge of Supreme Court
Terms and Emoluments	5 year term Article 57 says that there is no upper limit on the number of times a person can become President Can give resignation to Vice-President before full-term Present Salary- Rs. 1,00,000/month (including allowances & emoluments)
Impeachment	Quasi-judicial procedure Can be impeached only on the ground of violation of constitution The impeachment procedure can be initiated in either House of the Parliament
Vacancy	In case of office falls vacant due to death, resignation or removal, the Vice-President act as President. It he is not available then Chief Justice, it not then senior-most Judge of the Supreme court shall act as the President of India The election is to be held within 6 months of the vacancy
Powers	Appoints PM, Ministers, Chief Justice & judge of Supreme Court & High Court, Chairman & members of UPSC, Comptroller and Auditor General, Attorney General, Chief Election Commissioner and other members of Election Commission of India, Governors, Members of Finance Commission, Ambassadors, etc Can summon & prorogue the sessions of the 2 houses & can dissolve Lok Sabha Appoints Finance Commission (after every 5 years) that recommends distribution of taxes between Union & State governments The President can promulgate 3 types of Emergencies:- National Emergency (Article 352) State Emergency (President’s Rule) (Article 356) Financial Emergency (Article 360) He is the Supreme Commander of the Defence Forces of India President appoints Chief of Army, Navy and Air force Declares wars & concludes peace subject to the approval of the Parliament No money bill or demand for grant can be introduced or moved in Parliament unless it has been recommended by the President He has the power to grant pardon, reprieve or remit of punishment or commute death sentences

INDIAN STATES AN OVER VIEW

FACTS ABOUT INDIAN STATES

• The administrative capital is where the executive government offices are located.
• The legislative capital is where the state assembly convenes.
• The judicial capital is the location of the state or territorial High Courts of India.
• The date mentioned in the table refers to when the city became the capital of the state or territory
• In the table S and W refers to the Summer and Winter sessions respectively.
• The administrative capital is considered to be the main capital of the state.
• In the absence of the legislative capital means that it is administered by the Central Government.

States and their Capitals
State	Administrative Capital	Legislative Capital	Judicial Capital	Since
Andhra Pradesh	Hyderabad	Hyderabad	Hyderabad	1956
Arunachal Pradesh	Itanagar	Itanagar	Guwahati	1972
Assam	Dispur (Former Capital: Shilong(1874-1972))	Dispur	Guwahati	1972
Bihar	Patna	Patna	Patna	1936
Chhattisgarh	Raipur	Raipur	Bilaspur	2000
Goa	Panji	Porvorim	Mumbai	1961
Gujarat	Gandhinagar(Formal Capital: Ahmedabad(1960-1970))	Gandhinagar	Ahmedabad	1970
Haryana	Chandigarh	Chandigarh	Chandigarh	1966
Himachal Pradesh	Shimla	Shimla	Shimla	1948
Jammu and Kashmir	Srinagar(S),Jammu(W)	Srinagar(S),Jammu(W)	Srinagar	1948
Jharkhand	Ranchi	Ranchi	Ranchi	2000
Karnataka	Bengaluru	Bengaluru	Bengaluru	1956
Kerala	Thiruvanantha-Puram (Former Capital: Kochi(1949-1956))	T'puram	Ernakulam	1956
Madhya Pradesh	Bhopal	Bhopal	Jabalpur	1956
Maharashtra	Mumbai	Mumbai	Mumbai	1818
Manipur	Imphal	Imphal	Guwahati	1947
Meghalaya	Shillong	Shillong	Guwahati	1970
Mizoram	Aizwal	Aizwal	Guwahati	1972
Nagaland	Kohima	Kohima	Guwahati	1963
Orrisa	Bhubaneshwar (Former Capital: Cuttak (1936-1948))	Bhubaneshwar	Cuttack	1948
Punjab	Chandigarh (Former Capital: Lahore(1936-1947) & Shimla(1947-1966))	Chandigarh	Chandigarh	1966
Rajasthan	Jaipur	Jaipur	Jodhpur	1948
Sikkim	Gangtok	Gangtok	Gangtok	1975
Tamil Nadu	Chennai	Chennai	Chennai	1956
Tripura	Agartala	Agartala	Guwahati	1956
Uttarakhand	Dehradun	Dehradun	Nainital	2000
Uttar Pradesh	Lucknow	Lucknow	Allahabad	1937
West Bengal	Kolkata	Kolkata	Kolkata	1905
Union Territories
Andaman and Nicobar Islands	Port Blair	--	Kolkata	1956
Chandigarh	Chandigarh	--	Chandigarh	1966
Dadra and Nagar Haveli	Silvasaa	--	Mumbai	1961
Daman and Diu	Daman	--	Mumbai	1987
Lakshadweep	Kavaratti	--	Ernakulam	1956
National Capital Territory of Delhi	N.Delhi	--	--	--
Ponducherry	Ponducherry	Ponducherry	Chennai	1954

TIMETABLE FOR THE WEEK 9,10,11

TIME TABLE FOR TNPSC BATCHES-AT C.I.T NAGAR
C.I.T -6THR
FRIDAY         -10-12: ANCIENT INDIA
                         12.30-2.30: INDIAN GEOGRAPHY(BOTH REGULR AND WEEKEND)
SATURDAY - 1.30-4.30- TAMIL
                         4.30-6.30- HISTORY
SUNDAY- 10-12: ANCIENT INDIA
                   12.40-2.40 : INDIAN GEOGRAPHY

C.I.T -22
FRIDAY          10-12:ANCIENT INDIA
                         12.30-2.30: INDIAN GEOGRAPHY
                         2.30-4.30: SCIENCE
 SATURDAY -1.30-4.30 :TAMIL(SPECIAL SESSION ABOUT GROUP 4)
                        4.30-6.30  : POLITY
                 
SUNDAY - 10-12: ANCIENT INDIA
                    12.40-2.40 :INDIAN GEOGRAPHY
                       2.40-4: SCIENCE
T.NAGAR-6 
FRIDAY:        10-12: HISTORY
                        12.30-2.30: POLITY
SATURDAY -2.30-4.30 :SCIENCE
                        4.30-6.30 :ECONOMICS
SUNDAY - 10-12:APPTITUDE
                    12.40-2.40 :ANCIENT INDIA


T.NAGAR-22
FRIDAY :         10-12: SCIENCE
                          12.30-2.30: APPTITUDE
SATURDAY -2.30-4.30 :POLITY
                        4.30-6.30 :GEOGRAPHY
SUNDAY - 10-12: SCIENCE
                    12.40-2.40 :GEOGAPHY

  BOG-4
FRIDAY:          10-12: SCIENCE
                         12.30-2.30: APPTITUDE
SATURDAY - 2.30-4.30 : INDIAN GEOGRAPHY
                        4.30-6.30 : POLITY
SUNDAY -     10-12: ECONOMICS
                        12.40-2.40: REASONING
                        2.40-4.40: TAMIL

INDUSTRIES

TYPES OF INDUSTRIES
The industries so developed until now could be classified as the
four following industries, on the basis of their state of production:
1. Primary industries.
2. Secondary industries.
3. Tertiary industries.
4. Quaternary industries.
Primary Industries
The industries that help extract resources directly from nature are
collectively called ‘primary industries’. These are fundamental to other
allied industries. Hunting, fishing, cultivation of crops and mining are
‘the primary industries’. It is the primary industries that provide the
food the humans need. They also provide for the raw materials the
secondary industries demand.
Secondary Industries
Industries which transform natural resources into products that
humans could consume are called ‘the secondary industries’. For
instance, cotton from agriculture is transformed into clothing in
these industries. Likewise, resources obtained from mining
industries are converted into products that humans need.
Tertiary Industries
The products of the primary and secondary industries reach
the people in different parts of the world through transport, trade
and allied institutions such as banks, telecommunications,
recreation and tourism and such are then called ‘the tertiary
industries’
Quaternary Industries
These are industrial activities that help the activities under
the earlier three sectors. These are called ‘the quaternary industries’.
These include education, research, administration, financial management,
legal activities and medicine besides several others. The activities of
this group of industries are not linked to commodities and products,
rather these are linked to people. In these, high quality skills and training
are especially needed.

DEAR STUDENTS 

ITS HAPPY TO INFORM THAT NEARLY 32 STUDENTS OF RD'S HAS GOT SELECTED IN 2013 PRELIMS ...... THE LIST OF STUDENTS NAME WILL BE UPDATED SOON........." WE THANK ALL OUR STUDENTS FOR THEIR COOPERATION"

ANNOUNCEMENTS: RD'S STUDENTS THOSE WHO GOT CLEARED PRELIMS ARE REQUESTED TO SUBMIT A COPY OF UR HALL TICKETS ON OR BEFORE FRIDAY....UR MAINS CLASSES  ARRANGEMENT ARE IN PROGRESS.........

REGARDS

RD'S

facts about social life in sangam age

Social Life:
In the Sangam Age, the Tamil people had a common language
and culture. But, they lived in five different natural landscapes.
These natural landscapes or geographical regions were known as
Tinais . The five Tinais referred to in the Sangam literature
were Kurinji, Mullai, Marudham, Neydal and Palai. Each Tinai
was geographically distinct from the other. Moreover, each of these
regions had reflected their own social characteristics.
Kurinji:
The Kurinji Tinai refers to the hilly region. The people in
this region were called Vettuvar and Kuravar. Hunting was their
primary occupation. They also cultivated fruits and vegetables and
gathered honey. They worshipped Murugan or Seyon.
Mullai:
It is a forest tract with green pastures. The people of this region
domesticated animals. The people of the Mullai region were called as
Kovalar or Ayar. Being shepherds, they produced dairy products like
milk, curd and ghee. Their chief deity was Thirumal or Mayon.
Marudham:
The region Marudham refers to fertile and cultivable lands.
Most of the people in this region were called as Vellalars because
they practised agriculture. They cultivated paddy, sugar cane and
a variety of fruits like mango, plantain and Jackfruit. Irrigation
methods were also known to them. Their chief deity was Indra or
the rain God.
Neydal:
Neydal was the coastal region. The people of this region were
known as Parathavar or Meenavar. Fishing was their natural
occupation. They were also famous sailors. A few people of this
region produced and sold salt. They were called as Umanar. The
God of the Neydal region was Varunan or the God of the sea.
Palai:
The term Palai refers to the desert region. But, there was no
desert in the Tamil country. Therefore, it could be said that
whenever there was drought due to failure of rains, that region
was called as Palai. The people of this region were called as
Maravar or Kalvar. They were forced to live as robbers due to
poverty. Maravar were also known for their heroism. These people
worshipped the Goddess Kotravai or Kali.

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CHOLAS

FACTS ABOUT CHOLA

Cholas were the most civilised race of the south. It is believed that this dynasty was founded by Karikala. Chola empire was calledCholamandalam. It included in itself Trichnopoly, Tanjore and some districts of Mysore and Madras (Now Chennai). Kaveripattam was its capital. The real founder of the Chola dynasty of Tanjore wasVijayalaya, a feudatory of the Pallavas. His dynasty rose to its eminence and lasted for more than two centuries.

Official Language	Tamil
Capitals	Early Cholas:- Poompuhar,Urayur Medieval Cholas:-Pazhaiyaarai, Thanjavur, Gangaikonda,Cholapuram
Government	Monarchy
King	Vijayalaya Chola - 848-871 Rajendra Choal III-126-1279

Then Chola empire reached its zenith during the reigns of Rajaraja (985-1014) and his son,Rajendra I (1014-1041)

Rajaraja's majore achievements were :-

1.     conquering Madurai and capturing the Pandyan ruler

2.     invading northern part of Sri Lanka and making it a Chola province

3.     conquering Maldive islands

4.     emerging as a strong naval power by destroying the stongest naval power of the Chera kingdom.

Rajendra I's majore achievements were :-

1.     conquering several trans-Ganga kingdoms and assuming the title of Gangai Kondachola

2.     founding a new capital called Gangai Kondacholapuram

3.     conquering the whole of Ceylon or Sri Lanka

4.     Indianisation of several lands of the south-East Asia

5.     defeating the kings of Sumatra in a naval campaign and annexing a part of Sumarata kingdom to his kingdom

Kulottunga (1178-1210) was the last greatest Chola emperor. After him, the Chola empire collapsed and its place was taken by the Pandyas and Hoysalas.

Epithet (Sub-title) of the Chola Rulers
Name of the King	Epither
Prantak I	Madiraikond
Prantak II	Sundarchola
Rajaraja I	Martanda Chola
Rajendra I	Vijayrajendra
Vikramachola	Tagayasamudra
Kulothinga	Sangam Tavarta

Chola Administration : Of all the South Indian dynasties, the Cholas have left most detailed information on the working of the administration set up by them. At the head of the state stood the king. He was the pivot round which the machinery of the state moved. During the reigns of Rajaraja I and his son, royal orders could be proclaimed only after these had been confirmed by the chief secretary (Olainayakam) and another highly responsible officer known as the Perundaram. Nagaram was an assembly of merchants. It belonged to localities where merchants and traders were important.

Important Places Associated with Chola Rule
Anuradhapura: The Sri Lankan capital which was destroyed by Rajaraja I
Chidambaram: The place where Chola kings were coronated.
Gangaikondacholapuram: The city which was constructed by Rajendra I after his successful North India campaign.
Mumidcholamandalam: The name of the province which Rajaraja I carved out from the Sri Lankan territories
Nagapattanam: The place where Mahendra V, a Shailendra ruler, constructed a vihara.
Polannaruva: The Sri Lankan city annexed by Rajaraja.
Thanjavur or Tanjore: The Cholan capital where Rajaraja I constructed the Brihadeswara temple
Uttaramerur: The place where two tenth century inscriptions relating to Chola administration have been found.
Vellur:It was the place where Chola king Parantaka I defeated the combined army of the Pandyas and Sri Lanka.

The Chola craftsman excelled in bronze sculptures. The made images by the deities, especially of Nataraja, the dancing Siva, and saints by the cire perdu process.